376 research outputs found
Unlocking Second Language Mastery Navigating the Complex Terrain of Adult Language Acquisition
This paper mainly focuses on the more effective way that language learners who “escaped” during the critical period of acquiring a second language. In the paper, we use the methodology of bibliography to compare the essential differences between children and adult learners from the perspectives of linguistics, neurolinguistics, society and culturology, and further study SLA theory based on the author’s own educational experience. It is an indisputable fact that older language learners have less flexibility and plasticity than children due to their mature brains. However, it can be partially compensated for by cognitive ability and social experience thus overtaking a corner. Nonetheless, some points are especially worth paying attention to, such as the necessity to “design” the grammar into the structure of the paragraph to be the “guiding framework” of thinking; Learners should not be excessively concerned about the accuracy of grammar and words at academic level, so as to avoid negative emotions such as anxiety, which affect language learning, and is partly consistent with the SLA’s Affective Filter Hypothesis. This research offers fresh guidelines for students and teachers of second languages to consider contemporary methods of teaching and learning, particularly the “fanatics” of “natural acquired” or “academically structured education.” Additionally, researchers and teachers who consider upgrading teaching methods offer evidence and inspiration owing to the growing popularity of artificial intelligence
Prognostic significance of HALP score and combination of peripheral blood multiple indicators in patients with early breast cancer
BackgroundTo assess the prognostic significance of preoperative hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score combined with multiple peripheral blood indicators in patients with early breast cancer (EBC).MethodsA total of 411 patients with early invasive breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery or radical surgery at Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020. The cut-off values of HALP, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were calculated using the software X-tile. The primary outcomes were recurrence-free survival (RFS), which was analyzed using the Kaplan Meier (K-M) method, while log-rank was used to test the differences between high and low curves. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the prognostic significance of HALP. Furthermore, the prognostic predictive value of independent prognostic factors was determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsLow HALP score (P<0.0001), high PLR (P<0.0001), and low LMR (P = 0.0345) were significantly associated with worse RFS. Body mass index (BMI)<24 (P = 0.0036), no diabetes (P = 0.0205), earlier TNM stage (P = 0.0005), and no lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0022) were positively correlated with longer survival HALP scores (hazard ratio [HR] 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08 (0.024–0.265), P<0.0001), BMI (HR 95%CI: 0.254 (0.109–0.589), P = 0.001), TNM stage (HR 95%CI: 0.153 (0.041–0.571), P = 0.005), and diabetes (HR 95%CI: 0.259 (0.085–0.785), P = 0.017) were demonstrated as independent prognostic factors by Cox regression analysis. The ROC curves depicted that the two most valuable factors were TNM stage and HALP, and combined independent factors were more accurate in prognostic prediction than any single factor. This further indicated that the TNM stage combined HALP or BMI were more valuable combinations.ConclusionThe HALP score was an independent prognostic factor for EBC and was significantly associated with worse RFS. This score may predict the probability of postoperative tumor recurrence or metastasis before surgery
Differentiable Parsing and Visual Grounding of Natural Language Instructions for Object Placement
We present a new method, PARsing And visual GrOuNding (ParaGon), for
grounding natural language in object placement tasks. Natural language
generally describes objects and spatial relations with compositionality and
ambiguity, two major obstacles to effective language grounding. For
compositionality, ParaGon parses a language instruction into an object-centric
graph representation to ground objects individually. For ambiguity, ParaGon
uses a novel particle-based graph neural network to reason about object
placements with uncertainty. Essentially, ParaGon integrates a parsing
algorithm into a probabilistic, data-driven learning framework. It is fully
differentiable and trained end-to-end from data for robustness against complex,
ambiguous language input.Comment: To appear in ICRA 202
Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planning
Large-scale task planning is a major challenge. Recent work exploits large
language models (LLMs) directly as a policy and shows surprisingly interesting
results. This paper shows that LLMs provide a commonsense model of the world in
addition to a policy that acts on it. The world model and the policy can be
combined in a search algorithm, such as Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), to
scale up task planning. In our new LLM-MCTS algorithm, the LLM-induced world
model provides a commonsense prior belief for MCTS to achieve effective
reasoning; the LLM-induced policy acts as a heuristic to guide the search,
vastly improving search efficiency. Experiments show that LLM-MCTS outperforms
both MCTS alone and policies induced by LLMs (GPT2 and GPT3.5) by a wide
margin, for complex, novel tasks. Further experiments and analyses on multiple
tasks -- multiplication, multi-hop travel planning, object rearrangement --
suggest minimum description length (MDL) as a general guiding principle: if the
description length of the world model is substantially smaller than that of the
policy, using LLM as a world model for model-based planning is likely better
than using LLM solely as a policy.Comment: In Proceedings of NeurIPS 202
Visual Semantic SLAM with Landmarks for Large-Scale Outdoor Environment
Semantic SLAM is an important field in autonomous driving and intelligent
agents, which can enable robots to achieve high-level navigation tasks, obtain
simple cognition or reasoning ability and achieve language-based
human-robot-interaction. In this paper, we built a system to creat a semantic
3D map by combining 3D point cloud from ORB SLAM with semantic segmentation
information from Convolutional Neural Network model PSPNet-101 for large-scale
environments. Besides, a new dataset for KITTI sequences has been built, which
contains the GPS information and labels of landmarks from Google Map in related
streets of the sequences. Moreover, we find a way to associate the real-world
landmark with point cloud map and built a topological map based on semantic
map.Comment: Accepted by 2019 China Symposium on Cognitive Computing and Hybrid
Intelligence(CCHI'19
Mitigating Shortcuts in Language Models with Soft Label Encoding
Recent research has shown that large language models rely on spurious
correlations in the data for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. In
this work, we aim to answer the following research question: Can we reduce
spurious correlations by modifying the ground truth labels of the training
data? Specifically, we propose a simple yet effective debiasing framework,
named Soft Label Encoding (SoftLE). We first train a teacher model with hard
labels to determine each sample's degree of relying on shortcuts. We then add
one dummy class to encode the shortcut degree, which is used to smooth other
dimensions in the ground truth label to generate soft labels. This new ground
truth label is used to train a more robust student model. Extensive experiments
on two NLU benchmark tasks demonstrate that SoftLE significantly improves
out-of-distribution generalization while maintaining satisfactory
in-distribution accuracy
LATITUDE: Robotic Global Localization with Truncated Dynamic Low-pass Filter in City-scale NeRF
Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) have made great success in representing
complex 3D scenes with high-resolution details and efficient memory.
Nevertheless, current NeRF-based pose estimators have no initial pose
prediction and are prone to local optima during optimization. In this paper, we
present LATITUDE: Global Localization with Truncated Dynamic Low-pass Filter,
which introduces a two-stage localization mechanism in city-scale NeRF. In
place recognition stage, we train a regressor through images generated from
trained NeRFs, which provides an initial value for global localization. In pose
optimization stage, we minimize the residual between the observed image and
rendered image by directly optimizing the pose on tangent plane. To avoid
convergence to local optimum, we introduce a Truncated Dynamic Low-pass Filter
(TDLF) for coarse-to-fine pose registration. We evaluate our method on both
synthetic and real-world data and show its potential applications for
high-precision navigation in large-scale city scenes. Codes and data will be
publicly available at https://github.com/jike5/LATITUDE.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ICRA 202
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